SURGICAL PROBLEMS

1. CORN

A corn is a small, thickened area of hard skin that usually develops because of repeated pressure or friction. It commonly appears on the toes or other areas of the feet.

Common symptoms:

  • Thick, hardened skin
  • Localized pain or tenderness
  • Discomfort while walking
  • Increased sensitivity when pressure is applied

2. PARONYCHIA

Paronychia is an infection or inflammation of the skin around a fingernail or toenail. It can develop after a minor injury, nail biting, manicure, or other damage to the nail area.

Common symptoms:

  • Pain around the nail
  • Redness and swelling
  • Tenderness
  • Pus or discharge in some cases

3. INGROWN TOE NAILS

An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge or corner of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin. It most commonly affects the big toe and can cause inflammation and pain.

Common symptoms:

  • Pain along the edge of the nail
  • Redness and swelling
  • Tenderness while walking or wearing shoes
  • Possible infection or discharge

4. LUMP / CYST

A lump or cyst is an abnormal swelling or sac-like structure that can develop under or within the skin. Its cause and nature can vary, so medical assessment may be recommended, particularly if it grows or becomes painful.

Possible features:

  • A noticeable swelling under the skin
  • Pain or tenderness
  • Changes in size
  • Redness or inflammation in some cases

5. SEBACEOUS CYSTS

A sebaceous cyst is a lump that develops beneath the skin and may contain a thick, oily material. These cysts are commonly found on areas such as the scalp, face, neck, or back.

Possible symptoms:

  • A round lump beneath the skin
  • Slow growth
  • Tenderness or pain if inflamed
  • Redness or discharge if infected

6. LIPOMA

A lipoma is a benign (non-cancerous) growth of fatty tissue that develops under the skin. It is usually soft and can often be moved slightly when touched.

Common features:

  • Soft, rubbery lump
  • Usually painless
  • Slow growth
  • Usually moves slightly beneath the skin

7. CARBUNCLES

A carbuncle is a group of connected boils caused by infection of hair follicles and surrounding skin. It can produce a painful, swollen area and may contain pus.

Possible symptoms:

  • Painful skin swelling
  • Redness and warmth
  • Pus or drainage
  • Fever or general weakness in more significant infections

8. GRANULOMAS

A granuloma is an area of inflammation in which immune cells collect together, often in response to an infection, foreign material, or another underlying condition.

Possible features:

  • Small raised area or lump
  • Local inflammation
  • Redness or tenderness
  • Symptoms depend on the underlying cause

9. GANGLION

A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled lump that commonly develops near a joint or tendon, particularly around the wrist or hand. It may change in size and can sometimes cause discomfort.

Possible symptoms:

  • Visible or palpable lump
  • Pain or discomfort
  • Swelling that may vary in size
  • Difficulty with movement in some cases

10. DERMOID CYSTS

A dermoid cyst is a type of cyst that develops from tissue trapped beneath the skin. It can contain different types of tissue and may occur in various parts of the body.

Possible features:

  • Slow-growing lump
  • Usually painless
  • May become tender if inflamed or infected
  • Changes in size may occur

11. KIDNEY STONES

Kidney stones are hard deposits that form inside the kidneys. They can cause significant pain when they move through the urinary tract.

Common symptoms include:

  • Severe pain in the side or back
  • Pain that may move toward the lower abdomen or groin
  • Pain while urinating
  • Blood in the urine
  • Nausea or vomiting

12. PHIMOSIS

Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin cannot be pulled back easily over the head of the penis. It may be normal in young children but can require medical attention when it causes symptoms in older individuals.

Possible symptoms:

  • Difficulty retracting the foreskin
  • Pain or discomfort
  • Swelling during urination
  • Recurrent infections in some cases

13. PARAPHIMOSIS

Paraphimosis occurs when a retracted foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position. It can cause swelling and requires prompt medical attention.

Possible signs:

  • Swelling of the penis
  • Pain and tenderness
  • Foreskin stuck behind the head of the penis
  • Difficulty returning the foreskin to its normal position

14. VARICOSE VEINS

Varicose veins are enlarged and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs. They develop when the valves in the veins do not function properly, allowing blood to pool.

Common symptoms include:

  • Bulging or twisted veins
  • Aching or heaviness in the legs
  • Swelling
  • Leg discomfort after prolonged standing
  • Itching around affected veins

15. DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS

A diabetic foot ulcer is an open wound or sore that can develop on the foot of a person with diabetes. Reduced sensation and circulation problems can make these wounds difficult to heal.

Possible signs include:

  • Open sore or wound
  • Swelling or redness
  • Reduced sensation in the foot
  • Discharge or infection
  • Slow wound healing

16. ACCIDENTAL INJURIES

Accidental injuries can include wounds, cuts, bruises, burns, fractures, or other injuries resulting from falls, road accidents, workplace incidents, or other unexpected events.

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury and may include wound care, dressing, immobilization, or further medical assessment.

17. C.L.W. — CONTAMINATED LACERATED WOUND

A contaminated lacerated wound is a cut or tear in the skin that has been exposed to dirt, bacteria, or other contaminants. Proper cleaning and wound management are important to reduce the risk of infection.

Possible features:

  • Irregular or deep cut
  • Bleeding
  • Pain and swelling
  • Dirt or foreign material in the wound
  • Risk of infection

18. HYDROCELE

A hydrocele is a collection of fluid around the testicle that causes swelling in the scrotum. It may occur in children or adults and can have different underlying causes.

Possible symptoms:

  • Painless swelling of the scrotum
  • Feeling of heaviness
  • Discomfort due to increased size
  • Swelling that may gradually increase

19. HERNIA

A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak area in the surrounding muscle or tissue. Common types include inguinal, umbilical and incisional hernias.

Common symptoms include:

  • A visible or palpable bulge
  • Discomfort or pain, especially while lifting
  • Heaviness in the affected area
  • Bulge that may become more noticeable while coughing or straining

20. THYROID PROBLEMS

Thyroid problems occur when the thyroid gland produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, or when structural problems such as thyroid nodules develop.

Possible symptoms include:

  • Changes in weight
  • Tiredness or weakness
  • Changes in heart rate
  • Changes in sensitivity to heat or cold
  • Neck swelling or a lump
  • Changes in mood or sleep

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